As he concisely wrote, “American history has been in a large degree the history of the colonization of the Great West.” Yet only for the past thirty years have we generally acknowledged its disastrous consequences.įrederick Jackson Turner famously introduced the frontier as a central concept for understanding American history in his vastly influential 1893 essay. America’s “Frontier” Problemįor 130 years, historians have used frontier expansion to explain sweeping movements in American history. By considering America’s past experience with frontiers, we can understand what AI may hold for our future, and how to avoid the worst potential outcomes. It looks more than a bit like the competition among colonialist state and corporate powers in the seventeenth century, which together carved up the globe and its peoples. AI tools are helping the world’s largest tech companies grow their power and wealth, are spurring nationalistic competition between empires racing to capture new markets, and threaten to supercharge government surveillance and systems of apartheid. But the potential that outsize profits will warp our priorities, values, and morals is, unfortunately, analogous.Īlready, AI is starting to look like a colonialist enterprise. The race to build the next great AI app is not the same as the California gold rush. That history has something to teach us about the material consequences we can expect from the promotion of AI today. The tireless drive to conquer the frontier has directly motivated some of this nation’s most extreme episodes of racism, imperialism, violence, and exploitation. Expansion into the Western frontier and beyond has been a driving force in our country’s history and identity-and has led to some of the darkest chapters of our past. Early cyberspace pioneer John Perry Barlow wrote “Unlike previous frontiers, this one has no end.” When he and others founded the internet’s most important civil liberties organization, they called it the Electronic Frontier Foundation.Īmerica’s experience with frontiers is fraught, to say the least. As early as 2018, the powerful foundation models powering cutting-edge applications like chatbots have been called “frontier AI.” In previous decades, the internet itself was considered an electronic frontier. This isn’t the first time the concept of a frontier has been used as a metaphor for AI, or technology in general. Throughout American history, the drive for expansion and the very concept of terrain up for grabs-land grabs, gold rushes, new frontiers-have provided a permission structure for imperialism and exploitation. If you do not want to purchase a digital certificate from a third-party certificate authority (CA), or if you want to digitally sign your document immediately, you can create your own digital certificate.How the “Frontier” Became the Slogan of Uncontrolled AIĪrtificial intelligence (AI) has been billed as the next frontier of humanity: the newly available expanse whose exploration will drive the next era of growth, wealth, and human flourishing. Create a digital certificate to digitally sign a document immediately For more information, see Find digital ID or digital signature services. If you plan to exchange digitally-signed documents together with other people, and you want the recipients of your documents to be able to verify the authenticity of your digital signature, you can obtain a digital certificate from a reputable third-party certificate authority (CA). Get a digital signature from a certificate authority or a Microsoft partner Digital certificates make it possible for digital signatures to be used as a way to authenticate digital information. Many institutions, governments, and corporations can also issue their own certificates.Ī digital certificate is necessary for a digital signature because it provides the public key that can be used to validate the private key that is associated with a digital signature. There are many commercial third-party certificate authorities from which you can either purchase a digital certificate or obtain a free digital certificate. Digital certificates are typically issued by a certificate authority (CA), which is a trusted third-party entity that issues digital certificates for use by other parties. To digitally sign an Office document, you must have a current (not expired) digital certificate. What is a digital signature?Ī digital signature or ID is more commonly known as a digital certificate. To learn more about how to use them in Office documents, see Add or remove a digital signature in Office files. This article explains how you can get or create a digital signature for use in Office documents.
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